Reducing the sports injury through function movement biological image data screening / Reduzindo lesões esportivas por meio da triagem de dados biológicos de imagens de movimento / Reducción de las lesiones deportivas mediante la detección de datos biológicos por imágenes en movimiento

ABSTRACT Introduction Among the many cases of sports injuries, the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries remains high. After a musculoskeletal injury occurs, athletes often need to suspend training and undergo rehabilitation. A suitable sport mode requires athletes to have sufficient joint range of motion, core stability, and balance ability in different positions to complete various complex movements in training and competition. Objective The paper analyzes the impact of warm-up exercises before the test on the test results of functional sports biological image data screening ( FMS TM ) and provides references for unifying test conditions, checking the reliability of FMS TM repeated tests, and discussing the comparability of the research results. Methods The paper used the same password and process to test 12 young male volleyball professional athletes without warm-up and warm-up. The two-dimensional motion analysis system Dartfish Pursuit 8.0 was used to analyze the video data recorded by the two cameras simultaneously. Results In the two tests before and after, the hurdle step score (1.75±0.62 vs. 2.42±0.52) and the total score (13.50±2.20 vs. 16.42±2.15) were significantly higher than those without the warm-up test (P<0.01). Besides, in squats (1.58±0.67 vs. 1.92±0.67), straight lunges (2.00±0.43 vs. 2.50±0.52), active straight leg lifts (1.50±0.67 vs. 2.00±0.60), rotation stability (1.42) ±0.52 vs. 1.92±0.29) showed a significant increase in the score (P<0.05). Conclusions Warm-up exercises before the test can improve the test results. This abnormal movement pattern observed only by visual inspection may not truly reflect the "dysfunction" of the movement. In the case of ignoring the pre-test warm-up factors, feedback on sports performance and formulating training strategies, this conclusion of predicting injury risk and evaluating training effects may have specific limitations in its reference value. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução Dentre os diversos casos de lesões esportivas, a incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas permanece elevada. Após a ocorrência de uma lesão musculoesquelética, os atletas geralmente precisam suspender o treinamento e se submeter à reabilitação. Um modo de esporte adequado requer que os atletas tenham amplitude de movimento articular suficiente, estabilidade central e capacidade de equilíbrio em diferentes posições para completar vários movimentos complexos em treinamento e competição. Objetivo o artigo analisa o impacto dos exercícios de aquecimento antes do teste sobre os resultados dos testes de triagem de dados de imagens biológicas esportivas funcionais (FMSTM) e fornece referências para unificar as condições de teste, verificar a confiabilidade de testes FMSTM repetidos e discutir a comparabilidade dos resultados da pesquisa . Métodos O artigo utilizou a mesma senha e processo para testar 12 jovens atletas profissionais do sexo masculino de voleibol sem aquecimento e com aquecimento. O sistema de análise de movimento bidimensional Dartfish Pursuit 8.0 foi usado para analisar os dados de vídeo gravados pelas duas câmeras simultaneamente. Resultados Nos dois testes antes e depois, a pontuação do hurdle step (1,75 ± 0,62 vs. 2,42 ± 0,52) e a pontuação total (13,50 ± 2,20 vs. 16,42 ± 2,15) foram significativamente maiores do que aqueles sem o teste de aquecimento ( P <0,01). Além disso, em agachamentos (1,58 ± 0,67 vs. 1,92 ± 0,67), estocadas retas (2,00 ± 0,43 vs. 2,50 ± 0,52), levantamentos ativos de perna reta (1,50 ± 0,67 vs. 2,00 ± 0,60), estabilidade de rotação (1,42) ± 0,52 vs. 1,92 ± 0,29) mostrou um aumento significativo na pontuação (P <0,05). Conclusão Os exercícios de aquecimento antes do teste podem melhorar os resultados do teste. Este padrão de movimento anormal observado apenas por inspeção visual pode não refletir verdadeiramente a "disfunção" do movimento. No caso de ignorar os fatores de aquecimento pré-teste, feedback sobre o desempenho esportivo e formulação de estratégias de treinamento, esta conclusão de prever o risco de lesões e avaliar os efeitos do treinamento pode ter limitações específicas em seu valor de referência. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Entre los muchos casos de lesiones deportivas, la incidencia de lesiones musculoesqueléticas sigue siendo alta. Después de que ocurre una lesión musculoesquelética, los atletas a menudo necesitan suspender el entrenamiento y someterse a rehabilitación. Un modo de deporte adecuado requiere que los atletas tengan suficiente rango de movimiento articular, estabilidad central y capacidad de equilibrio en diferentes posiciones para completar varios movimientos complejos en el entrenamiento y la competencia. Objetivo El documento analiza el impacto de los ejercicios de calentamiento antes de la prueba en los resultados de las pruebas de detección de datos de imágenes biológicas deportivas funcionales (FMSTM) y proporciona referencias para unificar las condiciones de prueba, verificar la confiabilidad de las pruebas FMSTM repetidas y discutir la comparabilidad de los resultados de la investigación. Métodos El documento utilizó la misma contraseña y proceso para evaluar a 12 jóvenes atletas profesionales de voleibol sin calentamiento y con calentamiento. El sistema de análisis de movimiento bidimensional Dartfish Pursuit 8.0 se utilizó para analizar los datos de video grabados por las dos cámaras simultáneamente. Resultados En las dos pruebas antes y después, la puntuación del paso de valla (1,75 ± 0,62 frente a 2,42 ± 0,52) y la puntuación total (13,50 ± 2,20 frente a 16,42 ± 2,15) fueron significativamente más altas que aquellas sin la prueba de calentamiento ( P <0,01). Además, en sentadillas (1,58 ± 0,67 vs 1,92 ± 0,67), estocadas rectas (2,00 ± 0,43 vs 2,50 ± 0,52), levantamientos activos de piernas rectas (1,50 ± 0,67 vs 2,00 ± 0,60), estabilidad de rotación (1,42) ± 0,52 vs. 1,92 ± 0,29) mostró un aumento significativo en la puntuación (P <0,05). Conclusión Los ejercicios de calentamiento antes de la prueba pueden mejorar los resultados de la prueba. Este patrón de movimiento anormal observado solo por inspección visual puede no reflejar realmente la "disfunción" del movimiento. En el caso de ignorar los factores de calentamiento previos a la prueba, la retroalimentación sobre el rendimiento deportivo y la formulación de estrategias de entrenamiento, esta conclusión de predecir un riesgo de lesión y evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento puede tener limitaciones específicas en su valor de referencia. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Descriptive electromyography signals analysis of equine longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius muscles during maneuvers used to activate the core / [Análise descritiva do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos longuíssimo dorsal, reto abdominal e glúteo médio de equinos durante a realização de manobras utilizadas para ativação do core]

Maneuvers to activate the equine's core can make a difference in their physical and psychic health. Although these activities are recommended and practiced, there is little research proving their effectiveness. This article aims to describe, through surface electromyography, the occurrences, durations and sequences activity of longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius during thoracolumbar flexion (TLF), lumbar and lumbosacral flexion (LLSF), global flexion (GF), which is the combination of TLF and LLSF, and tail traction (TT). Seven healthy adult horses of three different breeds performed five repetitions of these movements for five seconds (sec). Electromyographic activity was captured with non-invasive superficial sensors positioned in the skin regions covering these muscles. The sequence was performed once per animal, muscle activity captured by surface electromyography, data from two replicates of each animal were selected, analyzed on matLab software and data tabulation were described during each maneuver. These maneuvers provoked punctual and transient activation of muscles mentioned above, confirming the ability to activate equine core muscles. However, responses were not standardized, which means there were variations of occurrence, duration and sequence, suggesting that for practical application of those maneuvers it is necessary to perform more repetitions with longer durations to activate more muscles.(AU)

Manobras para ativação da musculatura do core equino podem ser diferenciais para saúde física e psíquica dos animais, sendo recomendadas e praticadas, mas existem poucas pesquisas comprovando a eficácia delas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície, as ocorrências, as durações e as sequências temporais da atividade muscular do longuíssimo dorsal, do reto abdominal e do glúteo médio durante a realização das manobras de flexão toracolombar, flexão lombar e lombossacra, flexão global (toracolombar e lombossacra) e tração de cauda. Para isso, sete equinos adultos e hígidos de três raças realizaram esses quatro movimentos clássicos para ativar o core equino, com cinco repetições e manutenção do estímulo reflexivo por cinco segundos. Durante a realização, a atividade eletromiográfica foi capturada com a utilização de sensores superficiais posicionados de forma não invasiva em regiões cutâneas referentes a cada músculo. O protocolo completo de manobras foi realizado uma vez por cada animal enquanto a atividade muscular era capturada. Posteriormente, duas repetições de cada animal foram triadas e submetidas ao software matLab para análise. Com base na tabulação dos dados, foram descritas as variáveis eletromiográficas de presença ou ausência de ativação muscular, a duração média dos picos eletromiográficos superiores ao RMS (root mean square) e a sequência da atividade muscular observada durante cada manobra. Essas manobras provocaram ativações pontuais e transitórias nos três músculos, o que confirma a capacidade de excitar músculos do core equino. Contudo, as respostas não foram padronizadas, sugerindo que, na prática dessa atividade, devem-se realizar mais repetições com durações superiores a cinco segundos, a fim de se buscarem maiores ativações.(AU)

Influencia de dos tipos de calentamiento sobre la fuerza explosiva del tren inferior en estudiantes de Educación Física / Influence of two types of warm-ups on the explosive force of the lower body in physical education students

Resumen Influencia de dos tipos de calentamiento sobre la fuerza explosiva del tren inferior en estudiantes de educación física. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-13. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las posibles influencias de dos tipos de calentamiento (tradicional y específico) sobre la fuerza explosiva del tren inferior. Se realizaron dos pruebas (salto con contramovimiento -CMJ- y sprint 5 metros) sobre tres grupos: grupo sin calentamiento (GSC); grupo de calentamiento tradicional (GCT), que incluía movilidad articular, carrera continua y estiramientos estáticos; y grupo de calentamiento específico (GCE), que incluía movilidad articular, carrera continua, estiramientos dinámicos y pliometría. Se realizó un pre y post test y se utilizó la prueba de ANOVA de medidas repetidas para0020comparar la influencia del tipo de calentamiento sobre las pruebas entre los diferentes grupos. Posteriormente, se calculó el tamaño del efecto a través de g de Hedges. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el pre y post test en el GCT y en el GCE; además, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < .05) entre GSC y el GCE en el post test solo en la prueba de salto. Realizar estiramientos dinámicos y pliometría como parte del calentamiento parece influir positivamente en la capacidad de salto vertical. Los datos sugieren que los profesores de educación física deberían utilizar calentamientos con estiramientos dinámicos y pliometría para mejorar el rendimiento en actividades que incluyan el salto.

Abstract Influence of two types of warm-ups on the explosive force of the lower body in physical education students. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-13. The present study aimed to determine the possible influences of two types of warm-ups (traditional and specific) on the explosive strength of the lower body. Two tests were conducted (Counter Movement Jump-CMJ and 5-meter sprint) in three groups: a group without warm-up (GSC), a group with traditional warm-ups (GCT) including articulated mobility, continuous running, and static stretching; and another group with specific warm-ups (GCE), including articulated mobility, continuous running, dynamic stretching, and plyometric exercises. A pre and post-test was conducted, and ANOVA was used to compare the influence of the type of warm-ups on tests between groups. Subsequently, the effect size was calculated using Hedges' g. Results showed statistically significant differences between the pre and post-test in GCT and in GCE; furthermore, statistically significant differences (p < .05) were found in CMJ test between GSC and GCE, in the post-test. Performing dynamic stretching and plyometric exercises as part of the warm-ups seems to positively influence the ability to jump vertically. Data suggests that physical education coaches should use warm-ups with dynamic stretching and plyometric exercises to enhance performance in activities that include jumping.

Resumo Influência de dois tipos de aquecimento sobre a força explosiva dos membros inferiores em estudantes de educação física. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-13. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar as possíveis influências de dois tipos de aquecimento (tradicional e específico) na força explosiva dos membros inferiores. Foram realizadas duas provas (salto com contramovimento - CMJ - e sprint de 5 metros) em três grupos: grupo sem aquecimento (GSA); grupo com aquecimento tradicional (GAT), que incluía mobilidade articular, corrida contínua e alongamentos estáticos; e grupo de aquecimento específico (GAE), que incluía mobilidade articular, corrida contínua, alongamentos dinâmicos e pliometria. Foram realizados um pré-teste e pós-teste e foi utilizada a prova da ANOVA de medidas repetidas para comparar a influência do tipo de aquecimento nas provas entre os diferentes grupos. Posteriormente, foi calculado o tamanho do efeito mediante o g de Hedges. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste no GAT e no GAE; além disso, foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05) entre GSA e o GAE no pós-teste, somente na prova de salto. Realizar alongamentos dinâmicos e pliometria como parte do aquecimento parece influenciar positivamente na capacidade de salto vertical. Os dados sugerem que os professores de educação física deveriam utilizar aquecimentos com alongamentos dinâmicos e pliometria para melhorar o desempenho em atividades que incluam salto.

Efecto del calentamiento activo y de diferentes intervalos de recuperación sobre el rendimiento en natación / Effect of active warm-ups and different recovery intervals on swimming performance

Resumen El propósito fue determinar el efecto del calentamiento activo con diferentes intervalos de recuperación en el rendimiento deportivo, en las pruebas de 50 y 200 metros libre. El estudio contó con la participación de 17 atletas (edad 13.5 ± 2.18 años), inscritos ante la Federación Costarricense de Deportes Acuáticos, con experiencia de entrenamiento y competición de 4.47 ± 1.28 años. Previo a la ejecución de las pruebas 50 y 200 metros libre, se realizaron 4 condiciones experimentales: Control (sin realizar calentamiento); Calentamiento (960 m) + descanso 20 min; Calentamiento (960 m) + descanso 10 min; Calentamiento (960 m) sin descanso. El orden de ejecución de las pruebas (50 y 200 metros libre) y la ejecución de las condiciones experimentales fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante ANOVA de una vía de medidas repetidas, p < 0.05. Los resultados indicaron que no existió diferencia significativa en el rendimiento en una prueba de 50 m libre (F = 0.83, p = 0.48) ni en la prueba de 200 m libre (F = 0.88, p = 0.46), al realizar un calentamiento activo respecto a no realizarlo. No hubo influencia de los diferentes tiempos de recuperación en el rendimiento en ambas pruebas. Se observaron diferentes patrones de respuesta individual a las condiciones experimentales. Se concluye que, de manera grupal, en nadadores jóvenes con poca experiencia, ejecutar un calentamiento activo previo a las pruebas de 50 y 200 metros libre, no mejora el rendimiento. Se recomienda que el entrenador ponga atención a la respuesta individualizada, para que elija el mejor protocolo (calentamiento o no) para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo de sus atletas.

Abstract The purpose of the paper was to determine the effect of active warm-ups with different recovery intervals in sport performance in 50m and 200m freestyle swimming. Seventeen athletes (13.5 ± 2.18 years old) registered with the Costa Rican Federation of Water Sports, with training and competition experience of 4.47 ± 1.28 years participated in this study. Before the 50m and 200m freestyle swimming tests, four experimental conditions were conducted: Control (without warm-up), Warm-up (960m) + 20 min rest, Warm-up (960m) + 10 min rest, Warm-up (960m) without rest. The order of the tests (50m and 200m freestyle) and the experimental conditions were randomly assigned. The statistical analysis used a one-way ANOVA of repeated measures, p < .05. No significant difference was found in performance in 50m or 200m freestyle swimming tests (F = 0.83, p = .48) (F = 0.88, p = .46), respectively, when using active warm-ups or not. Neither was there an effect of the different recovery times on performance in both swimming tests. Different patterns of individual responses were observed in the experimental conditions. It is concluded that, as a group, an active warm-up before 50m and 200m freestyle swimming tests does not improve the performance of young inexperienced swimmers. However, the coach is recommended to pay attention to individualized responses to select the best protocol (having warm-up or not) to improve athletes' performance.

Resumo O propósito foi determinar o efeito do aquecimento ativo com diferentes intervalos de recuperação no desempenho esportivo, nas provas de 50 e 200 metros livres. O estudo contou com a participação de 17 atletas (idade 13,5 ± 2,18 anos), inscritos na Federação Costarriquenha de Esportes Aquáticos, com experiência de treinamento e competição de 4,47 ± 1,28 anos. Previamente à execução das provas de 50 e 200 metros livres, foram realizados 4 condicionamentos experimentais: controle (sem aquecimento); aquecimento (960 m) mais descanso de 20 min; aquecimento (960 m) mais descanso de 10 min; aquecimento (960 m) sem descanso. A ordem de execução das provas (50 e 200 metros livres) e a execução dos condicionamentos experimentais foram atribuídas de maneira aleatória. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio da ANOVA de uma via de medidas repetidas, p < 0,05. Os resultados indicaram que não existiu diferença significativa no desempenho em uma prova de 50 m livres (F = 0,83, p = 0,48) e, tampouco, na prova de 200 m livres (F = 0,88, p= 0,46) ao realizar um aquecimento ativo em comparação a não o realizar. Não houve influência dos diferentes tempos de recuperação no desempenho em ambas as provas. Foram observados diferentes padrões de resposta individual aos condicionamentos experimentais. Conclui-se que, de modo grupal, em nadadores jovens com pouca experiência, realizar um aquecimento ativo prévio às provas de 50 e 200 metros livres, não melhora o desempenho. Recomenda-se que o treinador preste atenção na resposta individualizada para escolher o melhor protocolo (aquecimento ou não), buscando o aperfeiçoamento do desempenho esportivo de seus atletas.

Efectos de la inclusión de ejercicios de salto con y sin sobrecarga externa en el calentamiento sobre parámetros de rendimiento físico en atletas jóvenes de balonmano / Effects of The Inclusion of Jump Exercises with and without External Overload in The Warm-Up on Physical Performance Parameters in Young Handball Athletes / Efeitos da inclusão de exercícios de salto com e sem pesos externo no aquecimento sobre os parâmetros de desempenho físico de jovens atletas de handebol

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los efectos de un calentamiento con aplicación de saltos cargados y sin carga sobre el tiempo en sprint de 20 metros, saltos horizontales y saltos verticales en jugadores juveniles de balonmano. La muestra estaba conformada por 13 jugadores de balonmano (16,2 ± 1,3 años) de San Carlos. Se realizó un estudio experimental con un diseño crossover aleatorizado. Se aplicaron 3 protocolos de calentamiento distintos, que implicaban correr más estiramientos dinámicos (CE); correr, estiramientos dinámicos y saltos (CES), y, finalmente, correr, estiramientos dinámicos y saltos cargados con el 8 % de su peso corporal (CESH). Para las evaluaciones pre- y poscalentamiento, se utilizó un test de salto contramovimiento (CMJ), salto horizontal (SH) y sprint de 20 metros cronometrado. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre pre- y postest para los 3 grupos en el SH (diferencias para CES: 0,09 ± 0,12; CESH: 0,12 ± 0,16 y CE: 0,07 ± 0,16), mientras que solo CES y CESH mejoraron significativamente la altura en CMJ y tiempo en el sprint de 20 metros (diferencia para CMJ: 2,95 ± 0,56 y 3,50 ± 0,73; y sprint de 20 m: 0,29 ± 0,31 y 0,20 ± 0,26, respectivamente). En conclusión, un calentamiento que incluye distintos tipos de saltos es eficaz para mejorar SH, CMJ y velocidad en 20 metros. Es necesario realizar más investigación, para determinar beneficios específicos de saltos con halteras de manos que mejoren el rendimiento físico.

Abstract The aim of this study is to compare the effects of a warm-up with the application of loaded and unloaded jumps on the performance in speed, horizontal jumps and vertical jumps in youth handball players. The sample consists of 13 handball players from the city of San Carlos (16.2 ± 1.3 years). An experimental study with a randomized crossover design carried out. 3 different heating protocols applied, which involved running more dynamic stretching (RS), running, dynamic stretching and jumping (RSJ) and finally running, dynamic stretching and jumps loaded with 8% of your body weight (RSLJ). For the pre- and post-warming assessments, a countermovement jump test (CMJ), horizontal jump (HJ) and were used through a 20-meter timed to sprint test. The results show significant differences between pre- and post-test for the 3 groups in the SH (difference for CES: 0.09 ± 0.12; CESH: 0.12 ± 0.16 and EC: 0.07 ± 0.16), while only CES and CESH significantly improved the height in CMJ and sprint time of 20 meters (difference for CMJ: 2.95 ± 0.56 and 3.50 ± 0.73; and sprint 20 meters: 0.29 ± 0,31 and 0.20 ± 0.26, respectively). In conclusion, a warm-up that includes different types of jumps is effective in improving SH, CMJ and speed in 20 meters. More research needed to determine specific benefits of handheld loading jumps to improve physical performance.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos de um aquecimento com a aplicação de saltos acompanhado e não acompanhados de pesos, em velocidade de 20 metros de tempo, saltos horizontais e saltos verticais em jogadores de handebol juvenil. A amostra foi constituída por 13 jogadores de handebol (16,2±1,3 anos). Foi realizado um estudo experimental com um desenho cruzado randomizado. Foram aplicados três protocolos diferentes de aquecimento, envolvendo alongamentos mais dinâmicos (CE), alongamentos e saltos dinâmicos (CES) e, finalmente, alongamentos e saltos dinâmicos (CESH), carregados com 8% do seu peso corporal. Para as avaliações antes e depois do aquecimento, foram utilizados um salto contra movimento (CMJ), salto horizontal (SH) e um sprint temporizado de 20 metros. Os resultados mostram diferenças significativas entre o pré e após a prova para os três grupos na HAS (diferenças para o CES: 0,09±0,12; CESH: 0,12±0,16 e CE: 0,07±0,16), enquanto apenas o CES e o CESH melhoraram significativamente a altura na CMJ e o tempo de velocidade de 20 metros (diferença para CMJ: 2,95±0,56 e 3,50±0,73; e velocidade de 20 metros: 0,29±0,31 e 0,20±0,26 respectivamente). Em conclusão, um aquecimento que inclua diferentes tipos de saltos é eficaz na melhoria do SH, CMJ e velocidade em 20 metros. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para determinar os benefícios específicos de saltar com pesos para melhorar o desempenho físico.

Estructura de un programa de ejercicio físico dirigido a escolares / Structure of a physical exercise program directed at schoolchildren

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar una revisión temática sobre programas de ejercicio físico dirigidos a niños en el contexto mundial. Métodos La búsqueda de información se realizó en bases de datos Redalyc, Scielo, Elsevier, Pubmed, Scopus, utilizando los descriptores en salud como actividad motora, niños, adolescentes, ejercicio de calentamiento, ejercicios de estiramiento muscular y ejercicio de enfriamiento. Se seleccionaron artículos completos en idioma español e inglés publicados entre 2008 y 2019. Además, se consultaron páginas de organizaciones como la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS), Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia, el Departamento administrativo del deporte, la recreación, la actividad física y el aprovechamiento del tiempo libre, entre otros. Se organizó la información en base de datos Excel, acorde con el año de publicación, título, autores, metodología, fases y dimensiones del programa. Resultados Se analizó la información y se diseñó la estructura del programa de actividad dirigido a escolares, teniendo en cuenta las recomendaciones de la OMS y la legislación vigente en Colombia. Conclusiones La implementación de programas de ejercicio físico desde la infancia y la adolescencia promueve hábitos saludables que impactan de forma positiva la salud disminuyendo factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles. La estructura de los mismos incluye características metodológicas como duración, frecuencia, intensidad, tipo de ejercicio y las fases de calentamiento, estiramiento, fase activa o central, y enfriamiento o vuelta a la calma.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To conduct a thematic review of physical exercise programs for children in the global context. Methods The search for information was carried out in databases Redalyc, Scielo, Elsevier, Pubmed, Scopus, using descriptors in health such as motor activity, children, adolescents, warm-up exercise, muscle stretching exercises and cooling exercise. Full-length articles in Spanish and English were selected and published between 2008 and 2019. In addition, pages were consulted from organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, the Administrative Department of Sports, recreation, physical activity and the use of free time, among others. The information was organized in an Excel database according to the year of publication, title, authors, methodology, phases and dimensions of the program. Results The information was analyzed and the structure of the activity program for schoolchildren was designed, taking into account the recommendations of the WHO and the legislation in force in Colombia. Conclusions The implementation of physical exercise programs from childhood and adolescence, promote healthy habits that positively impact health by decreasing risk factors of chronic non transmissible diseases. Their structure includes methodological characteristics such as duration, frequency, intensity, type of exercise and the warm-up, stretching, active or central phase, and cooling down or returning to calm phases.(AU)

Dose-response of neuromuscular and anaerobic performance to whole-body vibration

Abstract Aims: The present study was designed to investigate the dose-response relationship of muscular performance and anaerobic power to whole-body vibration (WBV). Methods: Nine recreationally males were subjected to five experimental conditions: A) Squat exercise (SE) without WBV; B) WBV1 [31.55 m.s-2]; C) WBV2 [159.73 m.s-2]; (D) WBV3 [319.45 m.s-2]; and E) WBV4 [567.91 m.s-2]. Before and after the experimental procedures, muscle performance was assessed by a vertical jump test and handgrip strength test and anaerobic power by Wingate anaerobic test (WT). Results: WBV2 and WBV3 increased jump relative power [Δ=0.92 ± 0.89 W/Kg (+1.97%) and Δ=1.29 ±1.79 W/Kg (+2.77%), respectively; P=0.02; effect size= 0.92; power= 0.87] and height [Δ=0.96 ± 0.73 cm (2.80%) and Δ=1.61 ± 2.36 cm (4,57%), respectively; P= < 0.01; effect size= 0.96; power= 0.99] compared to the SE [Δ=-1.28 ± 0.81 cm (-3.55%)]. There was no dose-response relationship of handgrip strength to WBV. WBV2 improved WT relative power (power/body weight) compared to the other experimental conditions [Δ= 0.61 ± 0.36 W/Kg (+ 5.25%); P < 0.01; ; effect size= 0.98; power= 0.99], and WT relative work was higher in WBV3 [Δ= 1.86 ± 5.46 KJ/Kg (+ 0.70%)condition compared to WBV1[Δ= -6.71 ± 4.03 KJ/Kg (- 2.49%) ( P= 0.03). Conclusion: These results suggest that lower limb muscular performance and anaerobic power are responsive to vibration accelerations WBV2 (159.73 m.s-2) and WBV3 (319.45 m.s-2).

Effect of Visual Feedback Squat Motion on Core Muscles Thickness of Young People with Lower Back Pain

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of visual feedback squat on the core muscle thickness of young adults experiencing back pain. METHODS: Thirty adult men and women who experienced back pain were assigned randomly to 15 members of the visual feedback squat group (VSG) and 15 of the normal squat group (NSG) to train three times a week for a total of eight weeks. The core muscle thickness was compared prior to the test for four weeks and eight weeks after the test by dividing it into warm-up exercise, main exercise, and 10 minutes finishing exercise. Before, and four weeks and eight weeks later, the thickness of the core muscle was compared using an ultrasonic imaging system. Repeated measured ANOVA was performed to compare the groups, and a Bonferroni test was performed as a post-hoc test to assess the significance of the timing of the measurements in each group according to the periods. An independent t-test was conducted to test the significance between the groups according to the measurement points. RESULTS: A significant change in the main effects of time and interactions of the time difference in muscle thickness of transvers abdominis were observed between the visual feedback squat and control groups according to the measurement point (p0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that visual feedback squat exercise is expected to have positive effects on the development of transverse abdominis in core muscles.

The Effect of Lower Extremity Strengthening Exercise Using Sliding Stander on Balance and Spasticity in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial

PURPOSE: Generally, patients with stroke present with decreased balance and increased spasticity following weakness of the paralyzed muscles. Muscle weakness caused by stroke has two causes. This is caused by a decrease in motor output and an adaptive muscle change, resulting in muscle weakness and muscle paralysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strengthening exercise on balance and spasticity in chronic stroke patients and to suggest the basis of clinical treatment.METHODS: Twenty subjects were divided into two groups: a lower-extremity strengthening group (experimental group) and a general physical therapy group (control group). The sliding stander equipment was used for the experimental group and a regimen of warm-up exercise, the main exercise routine, and cool-down exercise were used for the muscle strengthening exercise program. Balance and spasticity were measured before and after the training period. Balance ability was measured by the Berg balance scale, the Timed up and Go test and the weight distribution of the paralyzed muscles by the Spacebalance 3D. Spasticity was measured by the Biodex system.RESULTS: After the training periods, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in BBS, weight distribution of the paralyzed muscles, and decreased spasticity when compared to the control group (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: This study supported the hypothesis that lower-extremity strengthening exercise improves the balance and decreases the spasticity of stroke patients. If it is combined with conventional neurologic physiotherapy, it would be effective rehabilitation for stroke patients.

Efeito de diferentes métodos de aquecimento no desempenho de repetições na cadeira extensora: ensaio clínico / The effects of different warm-up methods on repetition performance of leg extension: clinical trials

Introdução: Ao iniciar uma sessão de treinamento de força é recomendado aquecimento como forma de preparação à atividade principal, com o objetivo de melhorar a capacidade fisiológica do indivíduo para determinadas tarefas motoras. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o efeito de diferentes métodos de aquecimento no desempenho de repetições na cadeira extensora. Métodos: Participaram do presente estudo 10 homens (26,9 ± 3,3 anos). Foram feitas 6 visitas, com intervalo de 72 horas. Foram realizadas a familiarização, teste e reteste de 10 repetições máximas e as demais visitas para a execução dos protocolos experimentais. Resultados: Em relação ao total de repetições, a autoliberação miofascial proporcionou maior desempenho em comparação aos demais protocolos de aquecimento. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que a autoliberação miofascial pode ser uma ferramenta importante para treinadores no que concerne à prescrição do aquecimento com a manutenção do desempenho de repetições no treinamento de força.

Introduction: When starting a strength training session it is recommended to warm up as a way of preparing the main activity, with the objective of improving the physiological capacity of the individual for certain motor tasks. Objective: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of different warm-up methods on repetition performance of leg extension. Methods: The study included 10 men (26.9 ± 3.3 years), There were 6 visits, with interval of 72 hours. Was performed familiarization, tested and retest of ten-repetiton maximum, and the others for the execution of the experimental protocols. Conclusion: In relation to the total repetitions, the self myofascial release provided greater performance in comparison to the other protocols. Therefore, we can conclude that the self myofascial release can be an important tool for trainers in the maintenance of the performance of repetitions in the resistance training.

Aquecimento não modifica o volume durante o treinamento com pesos / Warm-up no modify the volume during resistance training

Objetivo: Analisar a influência de diferentes formas de aquecimento sobre o volume de treino em homens treinados. Métodos: Quatro sessões experimentais foram realizadas: aquecimento específico (ESP), aquecimento aeróbio (AE), aquecimento alongamento (ALO) e sessão controle (CO) pré sessão de treinamento com pesos. O programa de treino foi estruturado com seis exercícios, executados em três séries de oito a doze repetições. Informações referentes ao volume de treino, duração da sessão e número de repetições foram coletadas. Resultados: Efeito (P < 0,01) para a duração do treino foi observado, apresentando o CO (42,6 ± 2,0 min.) menor duração de treinamento quando comparado as sessões ALO (62,3 ± 3,0 min.), ESP (51,5 ± 4,0 min.) e AE (52,7 ± 1,0 min.). Não foram observados efeitos do aquecimento (P > 0,05) com relação ao volume de treino. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que o aquecimento não apresenta melhora no volume de treino. (AU)

Objective: The evaluate the influence of different forms of warm-up on the volume training in trained men. Methods: Four experimental sessions were held: specific warm-up (SWU), aerobic (AE), stretch (STR) and control (CO) pre training. The training program was structured with six exercises, performed in three sets of eight to twelve repetitions. Information regarding the volume of training, training duration and number of repetitions were collected. Results: Effect (P < 0.01) for the training duration was observed, with the CO (42.6 ± 2.0 min.) shorter training sessions compared to STR (62.3 ± 3.0 min.), SWU (51.5 ± 4.0 min.), and AE (52.7 ± 1.0 min.). There were no warm-up effects (P > 0.05) with respect to the training volume. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that warm-up presents no improvement in training volume. (AU)

Efeitos agudos do aquecimento específico e exercícios de mobilidade articular no desempenho de repetições máximas e volume de treinamento / Acute effects of specific warm up and joint mobility exercise on maximum repetition performance and training volume

Introdução: Diferentes tipos de aquecimentos podem influenciar no desempenho de força. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo de dois protocolos de aquecimento (mobilidade articular e aquecimento específico) sobre o desempenho de repetições máximas e volume de treinamento. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 14 homens (24,29 ± 4,81). Os participantes compareceram no local seis dias não consecutivos com intervalo de 48 horas entre eles, fizeram teste e reteste da carga máxima e realizaram os protocolos experimentais de aquecimentos, seguido da sessão de treinamento de força. Resultados: O volume total da sessão de treinamento (repetições x séries x carga) foi maior no protocolo de exercícios de mobilidade comparado ao protocolo com aquecimento específico. Conclusão: Portanto, parece que os exercícios de mobilidade promovem aumento agudo no desempenho de repetições máximas em exercícios para o membro inferior, quando comparado ao aquecimento específico.

Introduction: Different types of warm up may influence the strength performance. Objective: To investigate the acute effect of two warm up protocols (joint mobility and specific warm) on the maximum repetition performance and training volume. Methods: The study included 14 men (24.29 ± 4.81). Participants attended on site six non-consecutive days with an interval of 48 hours between them, performing 10 repetition maximum test and retest and the experimental protocols (strength training sessions). Results: The training volume of (repetitions x sets x load) was higher in mobility exercise protocol compared to the protocol with specific warm exercises. Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that mobility exercises promote an acute increasing in maximum repetition performance for the lower limb exercises when compared to the specific warm up.

The Effects of 11+ Program on Technical Skills and Balance Ability of High School Soccer Players / 대한스포츠의학회지

This study aims to examine the effect of 8-week 11+ program on technical skills and balance abilities of high school soccer players. This study targeted 40 soccer players from G and K club in Gyeonggi-do and 20 players from G team and 20 players from K team were placed in the training group and the control group, respectively. For data analysis, variable values of the two groups before and after intervention were calculated as averages and standard deviations using the SPSS ver. 21.0 statistic program. For analyzing within-group differences, paired t-test was conducted and for analyzing between-group differences, independent sample t-test was conducted. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05. The major study findings are as follows. First, the 11+ program was more effective in improving Jug 200 and short pass ability than static stretching. Second, the 11+ program was more effective in the posteromedial and posterolateral areas of Y-balance test than static stretching. These results demonstrate that the 11+ program is relatively effective in improving technical skills and balance abilities of soccer players. Therefore, it is considered that it is important to introduce and distribute the 11+ program to leaders, who are responsible for enhancing skills of soccer players.

Effect of three months of periodized hydrogymnastics exercise program on urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effect of three months of periodized hydrogymnastics exercise program on urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women. Subjects and methods Twenty-six subjects were randomly assigned in two, intervention group (n = 16) and control group (n = 10). The intervention group followed 12-week of periodized hydrogymnastics training program five times a week, 50 minutes of water exercise with work heart rate reserve of 40-50% (1-6thweek) increasing the load to 50-60% (7-12th week); the control group was not involved in exercise and remained sedentary. The urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline was evaluated by high resolution liquid chromatography using the reactive immulite pyrilinks-D siemens medical solutions, pretest at the baseline and at the end post-test of the 12-week of water-exercise. As statistical analyses mixed 2 x 2 ANOVA was used, also percentage changes (Δ %) was calculated. Results The results did not show significant improvement (p < 0.05) comparing the interaction intergroup and the measurements of urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline (p = 0.504), percentage change (Δ %) showed positive improvements in the experimental group of -13.7 (nM/mMcreatine) in comparison with -7.1 (nM/mMcreatine) from the control group. Conclusion The present study involves periodization increasing the load heart rate reserve of hydrogymnastics exercise in order to produce grater adaptations, but the results showed than is not possible to infer that hydrogymnastics is effective in increase urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline in older women, will be appropriated in the future more studies to better clarify the possibilities of improvements between hydrogymnastics and urinary concentration of deoxypyridinoline. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(6):523-7.

Estirar o precalentar ¿qué recomendar en la consulta diaria? / Stretching or preheat: What do you recommend in daily medical practice?

Es ampliamente creído y conocido que precalentar y estirar antes de la realización de ejercicio físico mejora el rendimiento y disminuye las lesiones, tratamos de buscar la mejor evidencia sobre el tema.

Is widely believed and known that preheating and stretch before physicalexercise improves performance and decreases injury, here we’ll try to find the best evidence on the subject.

Variabilidade do lactato sanguíneo em resposta a nados de aquecimento e de máxima intensidade / Variability of blood lactate in response on heating and maximum intensity swim

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram (1) verificar as concentrações de lactato no sangue e sua variabilidade em resposta à intensidade característica de aquecimento e em resposta à máxima intensidade de nado; (2) verificar o comportamento das concentrações de lactato ao longo do tempo, e (3) testar a correlação entre valores de pico de concentração de lactato com o desempenho em 200 m nado crawl. Participaram 13 nadadores competitivos, com experiência de, no mínimo, 4 anos na modalidade. Foram obtidas amostras de sangue arterializado que foram analisadas com aparelho portátil para mensuração de lactato Accusport (Roche) em quatro momentos distintos: após 15 min de repouso em decúbito dorsal (M1), após 800 m nadados em intensidade de aquecimento (M2), um (M3) e três minutos (M4) após 200 m nadados em máxima intensidade no estilo crawl. O desempenho na distância de 200 m foi transformado em unidades pontuais (DESP) a fim de comparação com outros estudos. Os resultados apontaram para maiores concentrações de lactato em M3 e M4 em comparação à M1 e M2). Alta variabilidade inter e intra-indivíduos foi verificada. Nenhuma correlação entre desempenho e concentração de lactato sanguíneo foi encontrada. As diferenças inter individuais devem ser levadas em consideração quando se busca estudar o metabolismo energético em natação.

The objectives of this study were (1) to verify the concentrations of lactate in the blood and its variability in response to the characteristic intensity of warming up and response to maximum intensity in swim, (2) to verify the behavior of lactate concentrations over time, and (3) to test the correlation between peak values of lactate concentration and performance in 200 m crawl. Subjects were 13 competitive swimmers, with experience of at least four years in the sport. Samples of arterial blood were obtained and analyzed through a portable device for lactate measurement Accusport (Roche) from four different times: after 15 min rest in the supine position (M1), after 800 m intensity heating swimming(M2), one (M3) and three minutes (M4) after a 200 m at maximum intensity swimming in front crawl stroke. The performance at the distance of 200 m was transformed on units (DESP) to compare to other studies. The results pointed to higher lactate concentration values in M3 and M4 when compared to M1 and M2. High variability within and between individuals were found. None correlation between performance and blood lactate concentration was found. The inter-individual differences should be taken into consideration when seeking to study energy metabolism in swimming.

Effect of Walk Training on Physical Fitness for Prevention in A home Bound Elderly / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of walk training on leg strength, flexibility, postural stability, balance and gait in home bound elderly women. Eighteen elderly women of the experimental group aged between 70 and 90 years image who have normal vision, hearing and Romberg test. They participated in the 12 week walk training. The subjects of the experimental group practiced walk training 3 times a week for during 12 weeks. During the 40 minute workout, the subjects practiced 5 minutes of warming-up exercises, 30 minutes of conditioning exercises and 10 minutes of a cool-down exercise. The intensity for the conditioning phase was determined by subject' heart rates, which ranged from 60% to 70% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. The body composition, leg strength, flexibility, postural stability, balance and gait were measured prior to and after the experimental treatment. The body fat, lean body mass, leg strength (ankle dorsiflexor, plantarflexor, inversor and eversir, knee flexor, extensior), flexibility (range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion and eversion), and postural stability of the experimental group were significantly greater than those of the control group. Duration of standing on the right foot and that of standing on the left foot of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group. Total balance scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Among 13 items for balance, the scores of experimental group in balance with eyes closes, turning balance, sternal nudge, neck turning, one leg standing balance and back extension were higher than those of the control group. Total scores of gait of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group following the walking training. Scores of experimental group in step height, step length and walk stance while walking among 9 items for gait were significantly higher than those of the control group. The results suggest that walk training can improve physical fitness for prevention in home bound elderly women.